Political Science ETDs

Publication Date

8-27-2009

Abstract

Why does the strength of local courts vary in new democracies? Highlighting empirical and theoretical puzzles generated by the state-level variation in court strength within Latin Americas two largest democracies, Brazil and Mexico, this study offers a historical institutional explanation of judicial change. Notably, in contrast to much 'new institutionalist' work — which examines the effects of formal instititutional arrangements — judicial institutions here are the dependent variable. The theoretical framework builds on existing explanations regarding the effects of electoral competition and ideology, specifying underlying causal logics and mechanisms. The framework also highlights the role of actors internal to institutions (judges), and the importance of social movement theory for understanding interactions between ideological judges and sympathetic actors outside the institution, leading to judicial mobilization or behavior 'beyond the bench. The empirical analysis draws on the analytic leverage of a subnational level of analysis and integrates quantitative and qualitative methods, yielding conclusions that would be impossible using either method in isolation. First, time-series cross-section analyses of judicial spending (as a proxy for court strength) examine broad relationships across Brazil's 26 states from 1985 to 2006 and Mexico's 31 states from 1993-2007. Quantitative tools for case selection identify 'nested', model-testing cases, around which I build small-N research designs consisting of three states in each country. The in-depth, qualitative analysis draws on 115 personal, semi-structured interviews with judges and other legal elites, archival evidence, and direct observation to trace the process of judicial change. Overall, electoral competition operates as a pre-condition for reform, but its effect is indeterminate once a minimum threshold of competition is crossed. Ideology has the most consistent and meaningful effect on reform. Actors and their intentions matter. However, the expression of these intentions is contingent upon the nature of opportunity structures, including mobilization strategies and alliances, as well as overlapping historical processes. In short, I find that strong reforms are most likely where progressive judges coincide with sympathetic, left-of-center politicians. The results emphasize the role of ideas and the conditional expression of these ideas, that is, the contingency of intentionality.

Degree Name

Political Science

Level of Degree

Doctoral

Department Name

Political Science

First Committee Member (Chair)

Roberts, Kenneth

Second Committee Member

Hansen, Wendy

Third Committee Member

Goldfrank, Benjamin

Fourth Committee Member

Staton, Jeffrey

Project Sponsors

Fulbright U.S. Student Program National Science Foundation Social Science Research Council Latin American & Iberian Institute at UNM (LAII-UNM) Tinker Foundation Hewlett Foundation Graduate Research Development Fund at UNM (GRD-UNM)

Language

English

Keywords

Courts--Bazil, Courts--Brazil, Courts--Mexico, Judicial independence--Brazil, Judicial independence--Mexico, Political questions and judicial power--Brazil, Political questions and judicial power--Mexico

Document Type

Dissertation

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