Bigger is Faster in the Adaptive Immune Response

Authors

• Jannatul Ferdous, Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA. jannat@unm.edu.
• G Matthew Fricke, Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
• Judy L Cannon, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
• Melanie E. Moses, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA. Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA. Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

12-29-2025

Abstract

Zoonotic pathogens represent a growing global risk, yet the speed of adaptive immune activation across mammalian species remains poorly understood. Despite orders-of-magnitude differences in size and metabolic rate, we show that the time to initiate adaptive immunity is remarkably consistent across species. To understand this invariance, we analyse empirical data showing how the numbers and sizes of lymph nodes scale with body mass, finding that larger animals have both more and larger lymph nodes. Using scaling theory and our mathematical model, we show that larger lymph nodes enable faster search times, conferring an advantage to larger animals that otherwise face slower biological times. This enables mammals to maintain, or even accelerate, the time to initiate the adaptive immune response as body size increases. We validate our analysis in simulations and compare to empirical data.

Recommended Citation

Ferdous J, Fricke GM, Cannon JL, Moses ME. Bigger is faster in the adaptive immune response. Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 29;15(1):44867. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28443-2. PMID: 41462417; PMCID: PMC12749716.