Summary Information
Ecosystem-Scale Rainfall Manipulation in a Piñon-Juniper Forest at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Meteorological Data (2006-2013 )
Creator: Individual: William Pockman Organization: SEV LTER Physical Address: Delivery Address: Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico City: Albuquerque Locality: NM Postal Code: 87131 Email: pockman@unm.edu System ID: 12857
Creator: Individual: Nathan McDowell Organization: SEV LTER Physical Address: Delivery Address: Earth and Environmental Sciences, LANL City: Los Alamos Locality: NM Email: mcdowell@lanl.gov
Associated Party: Individual: Nathan Gehres Organization: SEV LTER Email: gehresn@hotmail.com Role: data manager
Publication Date:	2015
Language:	english
Abstract: Climate models predict that water limited regions around the world will become drier and warmer in the near future, including southwestern North America. We developed a large-scale experimental system that allows testing of the ecosystem impacts of precipitation changes. Four treatments were applied to 1600 m2 plots (40 m × 40 m), each with three replicates in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniper monosperma) ecosystem. These species have extensive root systems, requiring large-scale manipulation to effectively alter soil water availability.  Treatments consisted of: 1) irrigation plots that receive supplemental water additions, 2) drought plots that receive 55% of ambient rainfall, 3) cover-control plots that receive ambient precipitation, but allow determination of treatment infrastructure artifacts, and 4) ambient control plots. Our drought structures effectively reduced soil water potential and volumetric water content compared to the ambient, cover-control, and water addition plots. Drought and cover control plots experienced an average increase in maximum soil and air temperature at ground level of 1-4° C during the growing season compared to ambient plots, and concurrent short-term diurnal increases in maximum air temperature were also observed directly above and below plastic structures. Our drought and irrigation treatments significantly influenced tree predawn water potential, sap-flow, and net photosynthesis, with drought treatment trees exhibiting significant decreases in physiological function compared to ambient and irrigated trees. Supplemental irrigation resulted in a significant increase in both plant water potential and xylem sap-flow compared to trees in the other treatments. This experimental design effectively allows manipulation of plant water stress at the ecosystem scale, permits a wide range of drought conditions, and provides prolonged drought conditions comparable to historical droughts in the past – drought events for which wide-spread mortality in both these species was observed.A micrometeorological station was used to document the climatic conditions at the study site.  Monitoring the ambient environment in this way allowed us to more easily determine which tree growth responses were driven by changes in the native climate as opposed to those resulting from the rainfall manipulation treatments.  Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) have a huge impact on the physiological processes that are being explored in this project.  The data collected by the station created a local climatic record which was needed to provide the context in which the treatment effects can be examined and sensor readings can be interpreted.
Keywords: Keyword: inorganic nutrients Keyword: populations Keyword Thesaurus: Core Areas
Keywords: Keyword: communities Keyword: community structure Keyword: plant communities Keyword: populations Keyword: species Keyword: meteorology Keyword: biology Keyword: physiology Keyword: plant physiology Keyword: plant ecology Keyword: events Keyword: disturbances Keyword: droughts Keyword: measurements Keyword: precipitation Keyword: rain Keyword: temperature Keyword: methods Keyword: field methods Keyword: mortality Keyword: tree mortality Keyword: ecosystems Keyword: forest ecosystems Keyword: organisms Keyword: plants Keyword: trees Keyword Thesaurus: LTER Controlled Vocabulary
Intellectual Rights: Data Policies This dataset is released to the public and may be freely downloaded. Please keep the designated Contact person informed of any plans to use the dataset. Consultation or collaboration with the original investigators is strongly encouraged. Publications and data products that make use of the dataset must include proper acknowledgement of the Sevilleta LTER. Datasets must be cited as in the example below. Muldavin, E. 2004. Sevilleta LTER Fertilizer NPP Study Dataset. Albuquerque, NM: Sevilleta Long Term Ecological Research Site Database: SEV155. (Date of download) A copy of any publications using these data must be supplied to the Sevilleta LTER Information Manager.
Distribution: Online: URL: http://sev.lternet.edu/node/6825
Coverage: Geographic Goverage: Geographic Description: Location: The Cerro Montosa Pinyon-Juniper site has been the location of major Sevilleta LTER research since 1989. Meteorological trends, net primary productivity, rodent and ground-dwelling arthropod populations, mycorrhizal responses to fertilizer, pinyon-juniper fruit and nut production, and pinyon mortality are all being investigated at this site. Previous studies have included analyses of pinyon tree rings for regional climate reconstruction.Vegetation: The vegetation is New Mexico Pinyon-Juniper Woodland, dominated by Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), and accompanied by gray oak (Quercus grisea). There is a diverse shrub component, including scrub live oak (Q. turbinella), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), sacahuista (Nolina microcarpa), red barberry (Mahonia haematocarpa), Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), tree cholla (Opuntia imbricata), skunkbush (Rhus trilobata), and banana yucca (Yucca baccata). Grass diversity is also high, and open spaces between trees are dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), with hairy and sideoats grama (B. hirsuta and B. curtipendula) and black grama (B. eriopoda) also being significant. Other common grasses include purple threeawn (Aristida purpurea), wolftail (Lycurus phleoides), mountain and ring muhly (M. montanus and M. torreyi), and New Mexican porcupinegrass (Heterostipa neomexicana). Common forbs include small-flowered milkvetch (Astragalus nuttallianus), white sagebrush (Artemesia ludoviciana), Fendler’s arabis (Arabis fendleri), Fendler’s sandmat (Chamaesyce fendleri), New Mexico thistle (Cirsium neomexicanum), false pennyroyal (Hedeoma oblongifolia), bastard sage (Eriogonum wrightii), pingüe rubberweed (Hymenoxys richardsonii), large four o’clock (Mirabilis multiflora), Fendler's penstemon (Penstemon fendleri), and globemallows (Sphaeralcea hastulata and S. wrightii). , Bounding Coordinates: West Bounding Coordinates: -106.535 East Bounding Coordinates: -106.535 North Bounding Coordinates: 34.368 South Bounding Coordinates: 34.368 Bounding Altitude: Altitude Minimum: 1976 Altitude Maximum: 1976 Altitude Units: meter Temporal Coverage: Date Range: Begin Date: Calendar Date: 2007-01-01 End Date: Calendar Date: 2013-12-31
Contact: Position Title: Information Manager Organization: LTER Network Office Physical Address: Delivery Address: UNM Biology Department, MSC03-2020 Delivery Address: 1 University of New Mexico City: Albuquerque Locality: NM Postal Code: 87131-0001 Phone: USA Phone: 505 277-2535 Phone: 505 277-2541 Email: tech-support@lternet.edu URL: http://www.lternet.edu
Contact: Individual: Sevilleta Information Manager Organization: SEV LTER Email: data-use@sevilleta.unm.edu
Publication Place:	Sevilleta LTER
Method Step: Description:  A CR-10X datalogger was used to record data from a micrometeorological tower centrally located in an open intercanopy area of the study site. This tower recorded precipitation with a Series 525 rain gauge (Texas Electronics, Dallas, TX), net radiation with a Kipp and Zonen NK-LITE net radiometer (Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with a LI-190SA sensor (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE), windspeed and direction monitored with a 05103-L R.M. Young wind monitor (Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT), and air temperature and RH% with a Vaisala HMP45C sensor. During winter months the rain gauge was fitted with a snow adaptor to thaw snow and record the total amount in mm rain. All met-station measurements were made at a height of 1-3 m above ground depending on the sensor array in question.
Data Table: Entity Name: sev273_pjmet_20150508.csv Entity Description: Data for SEV273. Object Name: sev273_pjmet_20150508.csv Data Format: Text Format: Number of Header Lines: 1 Record Delimiter: \r\n Attribute Orientation: column Simple Delimited: Field Delimiter: , Distribution: Online: URL: https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/knb-lter-sev/273/386143/39009aba93446a5d182b7dea8b4a3df1 Coverage: Geographic Goverage: Geographic Description: Location: Site situated on the eastern flank of Los Pinos Mountains, approx. 3 miles south of NM state route 60, directly adjacent to the eastern boundary of the Sevillets USFWS National Refuge. Landform: Located at the base of the eastern flank of the Los Pinos Mountains. Slope varies from 0-2% in experimental plots situated in level portions of the site, with steeper grades ranging from 6-18% for plots established on hill-slopes., Soils: Soil texture analysis across the site (both hill-slope and flat/level topography) revealed surface soils that are predominately silt loam with; (1) a transition to sandy loam texture at depth, and (2) a significant percentage of coarse fragments present both at the soil surface and throughout the profile. Soil depth across the site ranges from 20 to ≥ 100 cm, with shallower soil depths occurring on hill-slopes where depth to caliche and/or bed-rock is only 20-30 cm in some instances. , Hydrology: Well drained., Vegetation: The site is a piñon pine (Pinus edulis, Engelm.) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.) woodland, with several other commonly observed woody shrub species present, notably; Mahonia spp. (algerita), Falugia paradoxa (Apache plume), Quercus turbinella (shrub live oak), and Rhus spp. (sumac). Multiple species of cacti and agave (Cylindropuntia spp., Opuntia spp., and Yucca spp.) are present, along with numerous species of perennial grasses and forbs; including an extensive inter-canopy coverage by grasses of the genus Bouteloua. , Climate: Climate records (20-yr) from a nearby Sevilleta LTER meteorological station (Cerro Montoso #42; http://sev.lternet.edu/) indicate a mean annual precipitation total of 362.7 mm/yr. The region is strongly influenced by the North American Monsoon, with a large fraction of annual precipitation occurring in July, August, and September when monsoon circulation is active. Mean annual temperature (20-yr) at this nearby LTER site was 12.78 C, with a mean July maximum of 31.08 C and a mean December minimum of 3.38 C. , Bounding Coordinates: West Bounding Coordinates: -106.5294 East Bounding Coordinates: -106.5294 North Bounding Coordinates: 34.3864 South Bounding Coordinates: 34.3864 Bounding Altitude: Altitude Minimum: 1911 Altitude Maximum: 1911 Altitude Units: meter Temporal Coverage: Date Range: Begin Date: Calendar Date: 2006-01-01 End Date: Calendar Date: 2013-12-31 Attribute List: Attribute Name: Year Attribute Label: Year Attribute Definition: The year in which the data were collected. Storage Type: date Measurement Scale: Datetime: Format String: YYYY Attribute Name: Month Attribute Label: Month Attribute Definition: The month in which data were collected. Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: The month in which data were collected. Attribute Name: Day Attribute Label: Day Attribute Definition: The numeric designation for the day of the month on which the measurement was taken. The numbers range from 1 to 31. Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: The numeric designation for the day of the month on which the measurement was taken. The numbers range from 1 to 31. Attribute Name: Hour Attribute Label: Hour Attribute Definition: The specific hour interval for which a 15 minute measurement interval was recorded. There are 24 numbers for this variable, and they range from 0 to 23. Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: The specific hour interval for which a 15 minute measurement interval was recorded. There are 24 numbers for this variable, and they range from 0 to 23. Attribute Name: Minute for a given interval record Attribute Label: Minute Attribute Definition: The specific 15-minute interval (within an hour) for which measurements were recorded. The 15-minute interval numbers include; 0, 15, 30, 45 Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: The specific 15-minute interval (within an hour) for which measurements were recorded. The 15-minute interval numbers include; 0, 15, 30, 45 Attribute Name: The hour and minute time interval associated with the measurement Attribute Label: HrMin Attribute Definition: The hour and minute designation of the time interval during which the measurement was taken. The time intervals are 15 minutes in length and range from 0 to 2345 Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: The hour and minute designation of the time interval during which the measurement was taken. The time intervals are 15 minutes in length and range from 0 to 2345 Attribute Name: Julian_day Attribute Label: Julian_day Attribute Definition: The numeric designation for the day of the year on which the measurement was taken. Values range from 1 to 365 (366 in a leap year) Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: The numeric designation for the day of the year on which the measurement was taken. Values range from 1 to 365 (366 in a leap year) Attribute Name: decimal_Julian_day Attribute Label: decimal_Julian_day Attribute Definition: Numeric expression that provides the time of day expressed as a decimal along with the calendar day of year. Example; 365.5 would represent December 31st at 12 noon Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: Numeric expression that provides the time of day expressed as a decimal along with the calendar day of year. Example; 365.5 would represent December 31st at 12 noon Attribute Name: PJ_day Attribute Label: PJ_day Attribute Definition: The numeric designation for the day that a measurement was taken since project initiation. The initial PJ day was day 1 for the project (1/1/2006) and the count does not restart at the end of the calendar year. Example; 1/1/2006 is PJ_day #1 and 12/31/2012 is PJ_day # 2557. Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: The numeric designation for the day that a measurement was taken since project initiation. The initial PJ day was day 1 for the project (1/1/2006) and the count does not restart at the end of the calendar year. Example; 1/1/2006 is PJ_day #1 and 12/31/2012 is PJ_day # 2557. Attribute Name: decimal_PJ_day Attribute Label: decimal_PJ_day Attribute Definition: A unique date/time identifier which provides the PD_day and decimal time of day in one numerical expression Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: A unique date/time identifier which provides the PD_day and decimal time of day in one numerical expression Attribute Name: PJ_Timestamp Attribute Label: PJ_Timestamp Attribute Definition: Numeric value used as a unique designator for each 15-minute measurement interval starting on 1/1/2006. The values for PJ_Timestamp currently range from 1 to 245472. Storage Type: string Measurement Scale: Nominal: Non Numeric Domain: Text Domain: Definition: Numeric value used as a unique designator for each 15-minute measurement interval starting on 1/1/2006. The values for PJ_Timestamp currently range from 1 to 245472. Attribute Name: Battery Attribute Label: Battery Attribute Definition: Voltage of battery Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: volt Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Atmospheric pressure Attribute Label: Atm_pressure Attribute Definition: The mean atmospheric pressure during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: millibar Precision: 1 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Rnet Attribute Label: Rnet Attribute Definition: The mean net radiation during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Net radiation is defined as the difference between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. It is therefore usually negative at night and positive during the daylight hours. This is net radiation in the spectral range from 200 to 100,000 nm. Units are watts per meter squared of ground area. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Custom Unit: wattsPerMeterSquared Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: PAR Attribute Label: PAR Attribute Definition: The mean amount of photosynthetically active radiation available during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Par is a measure of the amount of solar radiation that is available in the 400 to 700 nanometer wavelength range, the wavelengths plants can use for photosynthesis. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Custom Unit: micromolesPerMeterSquaredPerSecond Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Temperature Attribute Label: Temperature Attribute Definition: The mean air temperature during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: celsius Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Relative Humidity Attribute Label: RH Attribute Definition: Relative Humidity measured at 1.75 m with 207 Temp Rel Humidity Sensor Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Custom Unit: percent Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Bounds: Minimum: 0 Maximum: 100 Attribute Name: Wind_speed Attribute Label: Wind_speed Attribute Definition: The mean speed the wind was traveling during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Custom Unit: meterPerSecond Precision: 0.001 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Wind direction Attribute Label: Wind_dir Attribute Definition: The mean direction the wind was traveling during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: degree Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Precipitation Attribute Label: Precipitation Attribute Definition: The amount of precipitation collected during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: millimeter Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Maximum Windspeed Attribute Label: Max_Windspeed Attribute Definition: The maximum wind speed recorded during the time interval when the measurement was taken. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Custom Unit: meterPerSecond Precision: 0.001 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Saturated vapor pressure Attribute Label: Vapor_pressure_sat Attribute Definition: Calculated pressure value for the point at which evaporation and condensation are in equilibrium in the system. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: kilopascal Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Vapor pressure Attribute Label: Vapor_pressure Attribute Definition: Calculated value representing ambient water vapor pressure in the system. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: kilopascal Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real Attribute Name: Vapor pressure deficit Attribute Label: VPD Attribute Definition: Calculated value representing the difference between saturated and ambient vapor pressures. Measurement Scale: Ratio: Unit: Standard Unit: kilopascal Precision: 0.01 Numeric Domain: Number Type: real

watts Per Meter Squared ratio of two quantities as percent composition (1:100) meters per second